The common cold is a viral infection of your upper respiratory tract — your nose and throat. A common cold is usually harmless, although it may not feel that way. If it's not a runny nose, sore throat and cough, it's the watery eyes, sneezing and congestion — or maybe all of the above. In fact, because any one of more than 200 viruses can cause a common cold, symptoms tend to vary greatly.
Most adults are likely to have a common cold two to four times a year. Children, especially preschoolers, may have a common cold as many as six to 10 times annually.
Most people recover from a common cold in about a week or two. If symptoms don't improve, see your doctor.
©1998-2009 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Terms of use.
Symptoms of a common cold usually appear about one to three days after exposure to a cold virus. Signs and symptoms of a common cold may include:
The discharge from your nose may become thicker and yellow or green in color as a common cold runs its course. What makes a cold different from other viral infections is that you generally won't have a high fever. You're also unlikely to experience significant fatigue from a common cold.
When to see a doctor
For adults — Seek medical attention if you have:
For children — In general, children are sicker with a common cold than adults are and often develop complications, such as ear infections. Your child doesn't need to see the doctor for a routine common cold. But seek medical attention right away if your child has any of the following signs or symptoms:
©1998-2009 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Terms of use.
Although more than 200 viruses can cause a common cold, the rhinovirus is the most common culprit, and it's highly contagious.
A cold virus enters your body through your mouth or nose. The virus can spread through droplets in the air when someone who is sick coughs, sneezes or talks. But it also spreads by hand-to-hand contact with someone who has a cold or by using shared objects, such as utensils, towels, toys or telephones. Touch your eyes, nose or mouth after such contact or exposure, and you're likely to "catch" a cold.
©1998-2009 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Terms of use.
Cold viruses are almost always present in the environment. But the following factors can increase your chances of getting a cold:
Age. Infants and preschool children are especially susceptible to common colds because they haven't yet developed resistance to most of the viruses that cause them. But an immature immune system isn't the only thing that makes kids vulnerable. They also tend to spend lots of time with other children and frequently aren't careful about washing their hands and covering their coughs and sneezes. Colds in newborns can be problematic if they interfere with nursing or breathing through the nose.
Immunity. As you age, you develop immunity to many of the viruses that cause common colds. You'll have colds less frequently than you did as a child. However, you can still come down with a cold when you are exposed to cold viruses, have an allergic reaction that affects your nasal passages or have a weakened immune system. All of these factors increase your risk of a cold.
Time of year. Both children and adults are more susceptible to colds in fall and winter. That's because children are in school, and most people are spending a lot of time indoors. In places where there is no winter season, colds are more frequent in the rainy season.
©1998-2009 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Terms of use.
©1998-2009 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Terms of use.
If you have a cold, you're likely to start by first seeing your family doctor, a general practitioner or your child's pediatrician.
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your doctor.
What you can do
Your time with your doctor is limited, so preparing a list of questions will help you make the most of your time together. List your questions from most important to least important in case time runs out. For common cold, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:
In addition to the questions that you've prepared to ask your doctor, don't hesitate to ask questions during your appointment at any time that you don't understand something.
What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may allow more time later to cover other points you want to address. Your doctor may ask:
What you can do in the meantime
While you're waiting for your appointment, you may consider taking OTC pain medications and decongestants to ease symptoms. Get plenty of rest and drink lots of fluids.
©1998-2009 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Terms of use.
There's no cure for the common cold. Antibiotics are of no use against cold viruses. Over-the-counter cold preparations won't cure a common cold or make it go away any sooner, and most have side effects. Here's a look at the pros and cons of some common cold remedies.
©1998-2009 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Terms of use.
You may not be able to cure your common cold, but you can make yourself as comfortable as possible. These tips may help:
©1998-2009 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Terms of use.
Alternative therapies probably won't cure your cold, but they may help make you more comfortable by easing your symptoms.
Echinacea. Whether taking preparations of the herb echinacea protects you from getting a cold or relieves cold symptoms continues to be debated. While no studies have shown that taking echinacea can prevent you from getting a cold, there is some evidence that it can modestly relieve cold symptoms or shorten the duration of a cold. Echinacea seems most effective when taken soon after cold symptoms are first experienced.
Vitamin C. There's no evidence that taking large doses of vitamin C reduces your risk of catching cold. However, there is some evidence that high doses of vitamin C — up to 6 grams a day — may have a small effect in reducing the duration of cold symptoms.
Zinc. There's evidence that zinc nasal sprays or lozenges taken at the beginning of a cold may help reduce symptoms. While some studies also suggest zinc nasal sprays can be helpful, many users experienced permanent loss of smell and therefore the use of these sprays is discouraged.
©1998-2009 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Terms of use.
No vaccine has been developed for the common cold, which can be caused by many different viruses. But you can take some common-sense precautions to slow the spread of cold viruses:
©1998-2009 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Terms of use.
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